What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Eating Disorders?

Many people overlook the subtle signs of eating disorders, often interpreting them as simply an increased interest in health and wellness. Unfortunately, this confusion can lead to the worsening of the eating disorder, delaying potentially vital treatment.

Early detection is essential for a successful recovery. Understanding the signs and symptoms of eating disorders is crucial so you can seek help as soon as possible. By staying informed, you can take proactive steps toward recovery for yourself or a loved one.

What is an eating disorder? What are the different types of common eating disorders? How can you tell if you or someone you know may be suffering from an eating disorder? 

Continue reading to learn more about the signs and symptoms of eating disorders so you can help yourself or a loved one take the first steps to recovery.

Understanding the Most Common Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is one of the most recognized eating disorders. It is characterized by[1]:

• Restriction of food intake: Leading to low body weight
• Intense fear of gaining weight
• Distorted body image: Weight or appearance heavily influences self-perception

It is important to note that while media often portrays anorexia nervosa as primarily affecting girls or young women, it can impact individuals of all genders and ages.

Bulimia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by episodes of consuming large amounts of food, followed by compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. The diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa include[2]:

• Recurrent binge-eating episodes
• Compensatory behaviors (self-induced vomiting, laxative or diuretic use, excessive exercise)
• Body image distortion
• No overlap with anorexia nervosa symptoms

Binge eating disorder

Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating when individuals consume significantly more food than most people would in a similar situation within a specific timeframe. Those with BED also feel a loss of control during these binge episodes. 

To be diagnosed with BED, at least three of the following criteria must be present[3]:

• Eating when not physically hungry
• Eating much faster than normal
• Eating until uncomfortably full
• Eating alone due to shame or embarrassment about eating habits
• Experiencing feelings of guilt, disgust, or depression after eating

Other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED)

Other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED) is recognized as the most prevalent eating disorder.4 Often referred to as the “catch-all” diagnosis, OSFED encompasses individuals who experience significant distress related to their eating patterns but do not meet the criteria for other specific eating disorders. Despite this, they are still at risk for medical complications associated with their eating behaviors.

Some research indicates that those with OSFED may be at higher risk for medical complications due to issues with insurance coverage related to their diagnosis. OSFED may include the following[4]:

• Atypical anorexia (exhibits the same symptoms as anorexia nervosa, but weight is classified as “normal” or above average, even after significant weight loss)
• Bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration (meet the criteria for bulimia nervosa, but the episodes occur less frequently or for less than three months)
• BED of low frequency and/or limited duration (meet the criteria for BED, but the episodes occur less often or for less than three months)
• Orthorexia
• Purging disorder (purging behaviors — such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives and diuretics — occur without significant restriction or binge eating)
• Night eating (consuming large amounts of food in the evening or overnight without meeting the criteria for BED)

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is characterized by difficulty obtaining enough calories from food, indicated by at least one of the following[5]:

• Failure to maintain a healthy weight or achieve appropriate weight gain
• Significant nutrient deficiencies
• Inability to meet calorie needs without using oral nutritional supplements or tube feedings
• Notable impact on mental health or social functioning

   

To be diagnosed with ARFID, symptoms cannot occur alongside anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or other physical and mental health conditions that better explain the symptoms. Those with ARFID do not typically exhibit body image issues. Additionally, doctors do not diagnose ARFID if a lack of food access or eating patterns driven by cultural norms are the primary factors.

While ARFID is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, it can occur at any age. Disordered eating patterns may stem from various issues, including[5]:

• Sensitivity to the sensory aspects of food, particularly texture
• Fear of adverse outcomes from eating, such as choking, vomiting, or allergic reactions
• Lack of interest in food or eating

Understanding the Symptoms of Eating Disorders

Timely intervention is vital for effective eating disorder recovery. Recognizing the signs of eating disorders can help you or a loved one begin treatment as soon as possible. Selah House is here to help.

Anorexia nervosa symptoms

• Significant weight loss
• Fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating
• Hair loss
• Cold intolerance
• Increased anxiety
• Difficulty sleeping
• Gastrointestinal issues, including nausea, vomiting, constipation, bloating, or abdominal pain
• Withdrawing from social interactions
• Preference for wearing large, baggy clothes

Bulimia nervosa symptoms

• Frequently making trips to the bathroom after meals
• Hiding food wrappers and eating in secret
• Swollen glands in the neck
• Russell’s sign (scrapes on the knuckles)
• Tooth erosion
• Heart palpitations 

Binge eating disorder symptoms

• High cholesterol
• Elevated blood sugars
• Gastrointestinal issues, including nausea, unintentional vomiting, and constipation
• Eating in secret
• Hiding food wrappers and any other evidence of binge eating

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) symptoms

• Eating a limited variety of foods beyond what would be considered picky eating
• Significant weight loss
• Difficulty maintaining body weight
• Low blood pressure or heart rate
• Gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, abdominal pain, or constipation

Other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED) symptoms

• Fear of eating entire food groups or certain food ingredients
• Calorie restriction
• Weight loss
• Excessive amounts of exercise
• Dizziness
• Heart palpitations
• Hair loss

Long-term Complications of Eating Disorders

Eating disorders can have devastating effects on both physical and mental health. While recovery is possible, it’s crucial to recognize the potential long-term complications that can arise if these disorders go untreated. Here are some serious health issues associated with eating disorders:

• Arrhythmias: Prolonged disordered eating can lead to electrolyte imbalances, increasing the risk of irregular heartbeats.
• Osteoporosis: Inadequate nutrition, especially a lack of calcium and vitamin D, can weaken bones over time, increasing the risk of fractures and impacting mobility and quality of life.
• Gastroparesis: Delayed stomach emptying, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and discomfort after meals.
• Laxative dependence: Misuse of laxatives to control weight may cause a dependence on these substances, leading to further gastrointestinal issues and imbalances.
• Acid reflux/GERD: Frequent vomiting or overeating can lead to chronic discomfort and damage to the esophagus.
• Loss of tooth enamel: Acid exposure from vomiting can erode tooth enamel, resulting in sensitivity, cavities, and significant dental problems.
• Increased risk of infections: Malnutrition and weakened immunity cause increased susceptibility to infections, leading to prolonged illness and complications.
• Infertility: Malnutrition disrupts hormonal balance, leading to irregular menstrual cycles and potential infertility.
• Organ failure: Severe malnutrition and dehydration can result in organ failure, affecting the heart, kidneys, liver, and other vital systems.

Finding Hope: Effective Treatment for Eating Disorders

If you or a loved one is struggling with an eating disorder, seeking professional help is crucial. Early intervention can mitigate these risks and promote a healthier, more fulfilling life. You are not alone. 

Recovery is possible, and we are here to support you every step of the way at Selah House. We offer a holistic approach to recovery for women aged 12 and up with a variety of treatment modalities to address your unique needs, including:

• Individual therapy
• Group therapy 
• Family therapy
• Nutrition therapy
• Art therapy
• Equine therapy
• Spiritual therapy
• Yoga
  
  

If you are ready to take the next step towards recovery, please call us or complete our online contact form to speak with an admissions specialist. Your healing journey begins here.

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References

1 Anorexia nervosa. (2024). National Eating Disorders Association.

2 Bulimia nervosa. (2024). National Eating Disorders Association. 

3 Binge eating disorder. (2024). National Eating Disorders Association. 

4 Other specified feeding or eating disorders. (2024). National Eating Disorders Association. 

5 Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. (2024). National Eating Disorders Association.